Udaya Raj Adhikari's Blog

The word communication has been derived from the Latin word 'Communis' which means 'common'. Thus, communication means sharing of ideas in common. "When we communication," says Wibur Schramn , "We are trying to establish a 'commonness' with someone. That is we are trying to share information, an idea or an attitude. The essence of communication is getting the receiver and the sender 'turned' together for a particular massage Louis A, Allen defines communication as, "communication is the sum of all the things one person does when he wants to create understanding in the mind of another. It is a bridge of meaning. It involves a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening and understanding." Making communication effective or overcoming / gate ways to communication 1)      Clarity and Completeness: In communication effectively, it is very essential to know the 'audience' for whom the message is mean...

Communication is the nerve system of an enterprise. It is said to be no. 1 management problem today. "It serves as the lubricant, fostering for the smooth operations of management process. 1)      Physical Barriers: A communication is two-way process, distance between the sender and the receiver of the message is an important barrier to communication. Noise and environmental factors also block communication. 2)      Personal Barriers: Personal factors like difference in judgement, social values, inferiority complex, bias, attitude, pressure of time, inability to communicate, etc. widen the psychological distance between the communicator and the communicate. Credibility gap, i.e., inconsistency between what one says and what one does, also, acts as a barrier to communication. 3)      Semantic or Language Barriers: Semantic is the science of meaning. The same work and symbols carry different meanings to different people...

Both a manager and a leader may know the business well. But the leader must know it better and in a different way. S/he must grasp the essential facts and the underlying forces that determine the past and present trends in the business, so that s/he can generate a vision and a strategy to bring about its future. One telling sign of a good leader is an honest attitude towards the facts, towards objective truth. A subjective leader obscures the facts for the sake of narrow self-interest, partisan interest or prejudice. Effective leaders continually ask questions, probing all levels of the organization for information, testing their own perceptions, and rechecking the facts. They talk to their constituents. They want to know what is working and what is not. They keep an open mind for serendipity to bring them the knowledge they need to know what is true. An important source of information for this sort of leader is knowledge of the failures and mistakes that are being made in their organ...

1.        Non programmed  decision :  A decision made as a result of a unique situation. 2.      Risk :  The possibility that a decision may prove to be the wrong one, as well as the possibility that the potential gain plus additional resources may be lost as a result 3.      Certainty:   The level of confidence the decision-maker has in the information available to him or her.  4.       Uncertainty :  The level of confidence a decision-maker lacks as a result of incomplete or suspected inaccurate information.  5.       Ambiguity :  The goals or problems are unclear, with uncertain alternatives, and incomplete information.  6.      Classical model :  A decision-making model that assumes that managers make decisions in the best interests of their organizations.  7.    ...

1.      Entrepreneurship :  The process of engaging in business ventures that require acquiring and organizing resources, assuming risks, and reaping rewards.  -         Entrepreneur:  An individual who recognizes a business opportunity and acts to capitalize upon it.  -         Intrapreneur:  An individual who seeks and acts upon opportunities within an organization.  2.      Organizational planning  -         Goal:  A future state an organization desires to achieve.  -          Plan:  A design of the actions, resources, and personnel that will achieve a goal.  -          Planning:  Determining actions that will achieve an organization’s goals.  3.      Organizational goal setting...

1.      Management -         Planning, organizing, leading and, controlling resources for the purpose of achieving organizational goals.  2.      Management functions  -         Planning:  Defining the goals as directed by executive management; developing strategy; conceptualizing coordinated efforts.  -          Organizing:  Establishing the tasks that will achieve the goals; defining lines of leadership; determining where decisions will be made.  -          Leading:  Motivating and directing subordinates; establishing effective communications; resolving conflicts quickly and equitably.  -         Controlling:  Ensuring tasks are accomplished as planned and correcting deviations.  -    ...