Udaya Raj Adhikari's Blog

A multinational corporation (MNC) or multinational enterprise (MNE) is a corporation enterprise that manages production or delivers services in more than one country. It can also be referred to as an international corporation. They play an important role in globalization. A corporation that has its facilities and other assets in at least one country other than its home country. Such companies have offices and/or factories in different countries and usually have a centralized head office where they co-ordinate global management. From above we can summarize it as ·         Large in size              Simultaneous Operations in Multiple countries: ·        Factors of production from multiple countries: ·        System form the home country applied to the host countries: ·        Virtual independence of subsidiaries. Types of MNC’s On the basis of Management Orientation: 1.      Ethnocentrism : Home country system is superior, sees si

Planning is an essential element of planning, covers not merely looking into the future but making provisions for it. A plan is then a projected course of action. All planning involves anticipation of the future course of events and therefore bears an element of uncertainty in respect of its success. Planning is concerned with the determination of the objectives to be achieved and course of action to be followed to achieve them. Before any operative action takes place it is necessary to decide what, where, when and who shall do the things. Decision- making is also an important element of planning. Planning determines both long-term and short-term objectives and also of the individual departments as well as the entire organization. According to Fayol - "The plan of action is, at one and the same time, the result envisaged, the line of action to be followed, the stages to go through, and the methods to use. It is a kind of future picture wherein proximate events are outlined with

 Manager work in organizations. They perform management function. They direct activities of other people. They   create conducive environment to get the jobs done .Managers have a hierarchy with respective skills consisting of three levels. i.                  Top Level of Management The Top Level Management consists of the Board of Directors (BOD) and the Chief Executive Officer (CEO). The Chief Executive Officer is also called General Manager (GM) or Managing Director (MD) or President. The Board of Directors are the representatives of the Shareholders, i.e. they are selected by the Shareholders of the company. Similarly, the Chief Executive Officer is selected by the Board of Directors of an organisation. The main role of the top level management is summarized as follows :- a)      The top level management determines the objectives, policies and plans of the organization. b)      They mobilizes (assemble and bring together) available resources.

Firstly, the   scientific management approach  is based on the concept of planning of work to achieve efficiency, standardization, specialization and simplification. The approach to increased productivity is through mutual trust between management and workers. Taylor (1947) proposed four principles of scientific management: a)        Science, not rule-of-thumb; b)       Scientific selection of the worker; c)       Management and labor cooperation rather than conflict; and  scientific training of workers. The concept of scientific management was developed by Frederick Taylor (1856-1915) in late 19th century. The core idea of scientific management was to increase the efficiency of workers through rationalization and standardization of work. The main concepts and techniques used to achieve increased efficiency were division of labour, time and motion studies, work measurements and piece-rate wages Secondly , the administrative theory  was propounded by Henry Fayol and is based

 Management is the organizational process that includes strategic planning, setting; objectives, managing resources, deploying the human and financial assets needed to achieve objectives, and measuring results. Management also includes recording and storing facts and information for later use or for others within the organization. Management functions are not limited to managers and supervisors. Every member of the organization has some management and reporting functions as part of their job. According to Theo Heimann, management has three different meanings, viz., Management as a Noun : refers to a  Group of Managers . Management as a Process : refers to the  Functions of Management  i.e. Planning,  Organizing , Directing, Controlling, etc. Management as a Discipline : refers to the  Subject of Management . Management is an individual or a group of individuals that accept responsibilities to run an organisation. They Plan, Organise, Direct and Control all the essential acti

Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world. In another way it is expressed as below. Forms of Globalization: Economic Globalization: ·        It is increasing global inter linkages of the markets in good, services, capital, and finance. It is about liberalization, deregulation, privatization, and declining cost of transport and communication. ·        A worldwide economic system that permits easy movement of goods, production, capital, and resources (free trade facilitates this) Example: NAFTA, EU, Multinational corporations Political globalization: ·        The mutual framework by exchanging the views and ideas of

International business refers to all those business activities which involve cross border transactions of goods, services, resources between two or more nations. Transaction of economic resources include capital, skills, people etc. for international production of physical goods and services such as finance, banking, insurance, construction et c. Examples of multinationals are Coca-Cola, Cadbury Schweppes, McDonalds, Kellogg's, Cummins, and many more. An important characteristic of these organisations is that they have well established corporate brands that are widely recognised - for example, Coca-Cola is the second best known expression in the world after OK. The International business environment is totality of factors or forces surrounding internationally operating firm that influence the firm’s performance and outcome in the global market. They are: 1.      Political and Legal environment 2.      Trade and commercial environment 3.      Competitive environment 4.