KEY TERMS OF MANAGEMENT FROM ENTREPRENEURSHIP TO PROGRAMMED DECISION

1.     Entrepreneurship:  The process of engaging in business ventures that require acquiring and organizing resources, assuming risks, and reaping rewards. 
-        Entrepreneur:  An individual who recognizes a business opportunity and acts to capitalize upon it. 
-        Intrapreneur:  An individual who seeks and acts upon opportunities within an organization. 
2.     Organizational planning 
-        Goal:  A future state an organization desires to achieve. 
-         Plan:  A design of the actions, resources, and personnel that will achieve a goal. 
-         Planning:  Determining actions that will achieve an organization’s goals. 
3.     Organizational goal setting 
-         Mission:  An organization’s purpose. 
-        Mission statement:  A broadly stated expression of an organization’s unique business scope and operations. 
-        Strategic goals:  Broad statement of the desired future position of an organization as a whole. 
 
-        Strategic plans:  Actions an organization intends to take to achieve its strategic goals. 
 
-        Tactical goals:  Goals set for major departments in an organization designed to achieve strategic objectives. 
 
-        Tactical plans:  Actions that major departments must accomplish to achieve tactical goals. 
 
-        Operational goals:   Specific results expected from departments, groups, and individuals with in an organization. 
 
-        Operational plans:  Specific actions developed to support tactical goals. 
4.      Management by Objectives:  A system by which specific goals are set by the entire workgroup, a timeline is established, and feedback on progress is ongoing.    •  Also known as MBO.  . 
5.      Shewhart cycle:  Quality management planning cycle used for organizational improvement that includes: 
     Plan:  Determine desirable changes and prepare for implementation. 
     Do:  Execute the changes. 
     Check:  Observe the result of the changes. 
     Act:  Perform analysis of the changes and implement broadly. 
6.      Single-use plans:  Plans developed for goals that will only be set once. 
7.     Standing plans:  Plans developed for guiding tasks that are performed repeatedly. 
8.      Contingency plans:  Plans that spell-out an organization’s response to specific, pre-determined events. 
9.     Strategic management:  Actions and guidance that serve to formulate organization-level strategy for the purpose of achieving competitive success. 
10.  Strategy:  Plan of action that details resource allocation, labor, marketing, and capitalization required to achieve organizational goals. 
11.    Core competence:  A business aspect upon which an organization identifies itself. 
12.   Synergy:  Occurs when the elements of an organization produce an outcome that is greater than all of the elements acting independently. 
13.   Situation analysis:  The evaluation of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats affecting the organization. 
14.    Differentiation:  Competitive strategy whereby an organization strives to distinguish its products from its competitors’. 
15.  Cost leadership:  Cost-control strategy an organization undertakes to maximize efficiency and minimize costs to increase competitiveness. 
16.   Focus:  Competitive strategy that is characterized by concentration on a particular group of potential customers. 
17.  Product life cycle:  The stages a product endures, from development and introduction, through maturity and growth, and finally to decline.   
18.   Decision:  A choice made from various alternatives. 
19.  Decision-making:  The process of identifying problems and plausible solutions. 
20.  Programmed decision:  A decision made as a result of a situation that occurs on regular basis. 


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