Udaya Raj Adhikari's Blog

Firstly, the   scientific management approach  is based on the concept of planning of work to achieve efficiency, standardization, specialization and simplification. The approach to increased productivity is through mutual trust between management and workers. Taylor (1947) proposed four principles of scientific management: a)        Science, not rule-of-thumb; b)       Scientific selection of the worker; c)       Management and labor cooperation rather than conflict; and  scientific training of workers. The concept of scientific management was developed by Frederick Taylor (1856-1915) in late 19th century. The core idea of scientific management was to increase the efficiency of workers through rationalization and standardization of work. The main concepts and techniques used to achieve increased efficiency were division of labour, time and motion studies, work measurements and piece-...

 Management is the organizational process that includes strategic planning, setting; objectives, managing resources, deploying the human and financial assets needed to achieve objectives, and measuring results. Management also includes recording and storing facts and information for later use or for others within the organization. Management functions are not limited to managers and supervisors. Every member of the organization has some management and reporting functions as part of their job. According to Theo Heimann, management has three different meanings, viz., Management as a Noun : refers to a  Group of Managers . Management as a Process : refers to the  Functions of Management  i.e. Planning,  Organizing , Directing, Controlling, etc. Management as a Discipline : refers to the  Subject of Management . Management is an individual or a group of individuals that accept responsibilities to run an organisation. They Plan, Organise, Direct ...

Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world. In another way it is expressed as below. Forms of Globalization: Economic Globalization: ·        It is increasing global inter linkages of the markets in good, services, capital, and finance. It is about liberalization, deregulation, privatization, and declining cost of transport and communication. ·        A worldwide economic system that permits easy movement of goods, production, capital, and resources (free trade facilitates this) Example: NAFTA, EU, Multinational corporations Political globalization: ·  ...

International business refers to all those business activities which involve cross border transactions of goods, services, resources between two or more nations. Transaction of economic resources include capital, skills, people etc. for international production of physical goods and services such as finance, banking, insurance, construction et c. Examples of multinationals are Coca-Cola, Cadbury Schweppes, McDonalds, Kellogg's, Cummins, and many more. An important characteristic of these organisations is that they have well established corporate brands that are widely recognised - for example, Coca-Cola is the second best known expression in the world after OK. The International business environment is totality of factors or forces surrounding internationally operating firm that influence the firm’s performance and outcome in the global market. They are: 1.      Political and Legal environment 2.      Trade and commercial environment 3...

In line and staff organization, the line authority remains the same as it does in the line organization. Authority flows from top to bottom. The main difference is that specialists are attached to line managers to advise them on important matters. These specialists stand ready with their specialty to serve line mangers as and when their services are called for, to collect information and to give help which will enable the line officials to carry out their activities better. The staff officers do not have any power of command in the organisation as they are employed to provide expert advice to the line officers. The combination of line organisation with this expert staff constitutes the type of organisation known as line and staff organisation. The 'line' maintains discipline and stability; the 'staff' provides expert information. The line gets out the production, the staffs carries on the research, planning, scheduling, establishing of standards and recording of perfor...

In line and staff organization, the line authority remains the same as it does in the line organization. Authority flows from top to bottom. The main difference is that specialists are attached to line managers to advise them on important matters. These specialists stand ready with their specialty to serve line mangers as and when their services are called for, to collect information and to give help which will enable the line officials to carry out their activities better. The staff officers do not have any power of command in the organisation as they are employed to provide expert advice to the line officers. The combination of line organisation with this expert staff constitutes the type of organisation known as line and staff organisation. The 'line' maintains discipline and stability; the 'staff' provides expert information. The line gets out the production, the staffs carries on the research, planning, scheduling, establishing of standards and recording of perfor...